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Key Social, Cultural, Demographic, and Natural Environmental Variables

1.Childbearing rates.

The following map shows as desired fertility rate (births per woman) varies by country. The color tone of the country corresponds to the value of the indicator. The darker the shade, the higher the value. The country with the highest value in the world is Niger, with a value of 7.40. The country with the lowest value in the world is Ukraine, with a value of 1.10.

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http://www.indexmundi.com/es/datos/indicadores/SP.DYN.WFRT

Datos.bancomundial.org, (2016). Tasa de fertilidad, total (nacimientos por cada mujer) | Datos | Tabla. [online] Available at: http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/SP.DYN.TFRT.IN [Accessed 13 Feb. 2016]. 

Estudios demográficos del DANE revelan que la población colombiana entre el 2005 y 2010 crecerá a una tasa media anual de 1.18%, lo que significa que al terminar el quinquenio Colombia tendrá una población de 45.508.205. (2016). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.dane.gov.co/files/BoletinProyecciones.pdf [Accessed 13 Feb. 2016]. 

Indexmundi.com, (n.d.). Tasa de fertilidad deseada (nacimientos por cada mujer) por país. [online] Available at: http://www.indexmundi.com/es/datos/indicadores/SP.DYN.WFRT [Accessed 13 Feb. 2016]. 

2.Number of special-interest groups

  • World Wildlife Fund (WWF) 

 

Is an independent conservation organization in the world, which seeks to top the damage of the natural environment ofthe planet and eventually create a society where human beings can live in harmony. 

Most death is that society knows regulate the proper use of renewable natural resources , also reducing the pollution inthe world and caring global biodiversity . Its main interest to the textile industry is to make agreements which promote sustainable production of cotton as it is a key raw material in the fashion industry . 

 

  Its main strategies are 

 

  • Locally : It emphasizes conservation processes and capacity building in specific priority landscapes . 

  • Ecorregionalmente : The trend is to influence public policies , legislation, industry practices and the construction of regional and national alliances  

  • Internationally : Search decrease and stop the impacts of global threats and underlying causes of biodiversity loss , such as market trends and climate change . 

 

  Its main interest to the textile industry is to make agreements which promote sustainable production of cotton as it is a   key raw material in the fashion industry . 

 

  • Foundation Luz de Esperanza del Futuro ONG 

 

  The foundation is a private organization nonprofit , created for the purpose of public and social interest. It operates as   a promoter of social welfare , human rights defender, with its own assets and legal status, organized and governed     under Colombian laws and statutes.

 

 This organization has a lot of interest as they lookto companies to hire or displaced Colombians , providing a better  quality of life , with many opportunities to move forward and leave behind those obstacles that does not make  progress always defending their human rights. 

 

  • Greenpace Colombia. 

 

 Greenpeace is an environmental ONG, with a goal of protecting and defending the environment, reporting and  correcting the damage they have done to the planet.  

 This ONG has great interest because they support the development of clean industry, requiring that with the help of  Greenpeace, industries adopt healthy production systems without long-term pollution and do not harm the fauna and  flora of the world.

3.Number of marriages

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Early marriages for 2015 increased compared with the same period last year ( 2014 ), with a number of 24,206 and 23,881 the previous period , an increase of 1.36. Most marriages took place in the central Colombian 36.59 %. And the cities with the highest number of marriages was reported Bogota with 3,839 , 1,591 Medellin , and Cali with 1,522 .

4.Number of divorces

In the first quarter of 2015, 7,721 divorces were reported, compared with the same quarter of the previous year (2014) 6,942, an increase of 11.22% .The regions of Colombia where more was presented, the central region (3,394) and Andean region (1,630), an increase of 21.11%. and the cities where more divorce was presented were Bogota (1987), Medellin (685) and Cali (434). 

5. Number of births

 

6.Number of deaths.
7.Immigration and emigration rates

This month there were a total of 1,152,231 passenger flows,  where 63% refers to movements of Colombian citizens, and 37% relates to foreign movements. 

 

Migration occurred mostly through international airports excluded with 92.6. While on Terrestrial medium it was 6.3%. and finally for the  marine environment was 1.1%

8. Social security programs.

  • Bogota Mejor Para todos. 

It states that the General Secretariat is the Head of Public Sector Management and is intended to guide and lead the formulation and monitoring of policies to strengthen the administrative function of the  organs and entities  of Bogota, Capital District , through the design and implementation of coordination and management  instruments, promoting institutional development, improvement of service to the citizen and citizen , the orientation of the district legal management , protection of information resources to public interest and policy coordination of the integrated information system and technological development. (Arts . 47 and 48). 

It is a new plan by the current government headed Enrique Peñalosa , where its purpose is to  recover Bogota  in matters of social security, public space , and also in how mobility. His plans are: 

  • development plan. 

  • Annual Action Plan . 

  • internal control plan. 

  • anti-corruption plan. 

  • improvement plan. 

  • annual operating plan investments. 

 

  • Plan Colombia: 

The Plan Colombia is a plan first military aid to the Colombian government, whose stated purpose is to contribute to the development of Colombia using the fight against drug trafficking. 

A plan of military action with economic funding provided by the United States. 

Its main purpose is the democratic security throughout the country , social and economic revitalization, end the armed conflict in Colombia.

9.Life extectancy rates.
10.Per capita income.

"The sector is of great importance to the Government , especially in the national productive policy as it represents almost 9 % of total industry and between 1.8 % and 3 % of GDP” said the Minister of Commerce, Industry  and Trade, Sergio Diaz –Granados. 

The Colombian Textile -Apparel industry generates about 130,000 direct jobs and 750,000 indirect, representing approximately 21 % of the labor force generated by the manufacturing industry , according to a study of the sectoral chamber of ANDI. 

In 2013 the Textile -Apparel industry represented a big part of the manufacturer industry, in 2014 it began to  get lower as a response of the dólar value. But according to Dinero Magazine there is a probability  that the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry can recover again their participation into the Colombian Gross Domestic Product Trend in 2016.

 

 

 

11. Location of retailing, manufacturing and service business

The location we chose for our company was: 
District: the Restrepo, South .

Local rental 35,00 m², a value of $342.000. 

It includes payment of services and cleaning once a week.
Chose this area because an office rent is very economical, space is necessary to implement internet sales and inventory management, also is close to suppliers of fabrics and raw, also is close to the third parties that they manufactured products. We will save transportation costs since the distances are very short, primarily saving gasoline.

 

12.Attitudes toward business.

The textile industry especially in the field of sport, has a large portfolio of products where  they compete  for quality,  technology, comfort, design, and many factors are important when choosing what to buy and where to buy. 

 

Our expectation for the very near future is to take posetion of in the best or one of the best sportswear stores, where we will provide many benefits to those athletic people and those who seek comfort in clothes that are sometimes used everyday .The clothing market sport in Colombia is below other paices in Latin America  because it is more complicated to import tariffs, and products that are very costly to arrive comparison  chile, which is one of the countries where the population invests in most in clothes sports, we want to offer customers products where the most amount of raw material is a national, promoting the advancement of technologies and fabrics and Colombian domestic market, so we can offer our customers very good quality products and affordable price comparison brands international.

13.Lifestyles.

The following study shows information about different clients or populations that use sportswear. 

The study has been carried out 400 surveys to consumers, allowing a margin of error of 5% and a confidence level of 95.45%. 

The chart below shows the percentageof people who use sportswear.

The chart below shows the women and men who use and do not use sportswear  percentage.

The chart below shows the percentage use of sportswear by age.

The chart below shows the use of sportswear percentage depending on the occupation.

The following chart shows the  average percentage preference to buy sportswear.

14.Traffic congestion.

Traffic jams have become a nightmare for all citizens, since this issue brings many negative consequences, peoplewaste a lot of valuable time stuck in a car without being able to mobilize. 100% affects our company and it will be more complicated and delayed transport products from the factory to the store, also transport our customers and employees to get to our warehouse will be delayed and much complication. This problem makes our time that we have more in car traffic, which other activities. 

Bogota urgently needed solutions to this problem because it affects the entire population, causing many losses.

15. Inner-City Environments 

 

Bogotá contains many poor and dangerous inner-city neighborhoods which are home to stratus 1 and low-income individuals. To name a few, these include Rafael Uribe, Ciudad Bolívar, San Cristóbal, and Usme,  all of which are located on the southern side of Bogotá. According to news station RCN, 51.2% of all violent crimes that occur in the entire city of Bogotá take place within a total of only 9 of these districts. However poor these neighborhoods may be though, they still find a way to have an influence over the culture and art in Colombia, as well as worldwide. For example, in 2014 musical artists from the impoverished neighborhood of Aguablancas in the city of Cali started a new musical trend called the Salsa Choke, which today has  become a brand new genre  of music and a major success in the clubs in Bogotá as well as the rest of the country (El Espectador, 2014). By understanding this cultural influences and changes, we can better design our product to culturally impact consumers and to start new athletic fashion trends.  

 

El Espectador. (2014). “Salsa shocke, de barrios pobres en Colombia a la fama del Mundial.” ElEspectador.com.   http://www.elespectador.com/entretenimiento/agenda/musica/salsa-shocke-de-barrios-pobres-colombia-fama-del-mundia-articulo-507608 accessed February 12, 2016.  

 

RCN. (2014). “El top 5 de los barrios más pelegrosos de Bogotá.” NoticiasRCN.com. http://www.noticiasrcn.com/nacional-bogota/el-top-5-los-barrios-mas-peligrosos-bogota accessed February 12, 2016.  

 
16. Average Disposable Income 

 

According to the World Bank, the average disposable income in Colombia as of 2014 was $13, 357.10. This is an all time high for the country, which has historically seen continuous growth in disposable income since the the 1990’s. However, Colombia also reached a new 6 year high in inflation as of 2015 (Dube, 2015), meaning that relative buying power of consumers has not necessarily grown as much as the growth trends in average disposable income demonstrate. This could create difficulties in our industry, as concerns about the inflation rate could deter consumer spending on secondary products.  

 

Dube, R. (2015). “ Colombia’s Central Bank Raises Rates Amid Inflation Concerns.” WallStreetJournal.com. http://www.wsj.com/articles/colombias-central-bank-raises-rates-amid-inflation-concerns-1446252171 accessed February 12, 2016. 

 

World Bank. (2016). “PIB per cápita, PPA ($ a precios internacionales actuales).” BancoMundial.org. http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD/countries/1W?page=3&order=wbapi_data_value_2007%20wbapi_data_value&sort=asc&display=default accessed February 12, 2016.  

 

17. Trust in Government 

 

Currently, Colombia’s peace process has caused individuals from a variety of social groups to  doubt in the government’s actions and motives. In 2016 alone, the armed group ELN has been involved in a variety of  attacks and kidnappings against police officers, soldiers and other governmental officials, yet has been invited by     President Santos to become a part of the peace process (Mata, 2016). Complicated situations like  this one have caused trust in the Colombian government to go down. Currently, only 31% of Colombians are satisfied  with governmental activities, and a series of interviews done by the Democratic Observatory of the University of Los Andes show that the Colombian population is less confident and expresses an increasing skepticism in the government's ability to protect their basic rights (El Espectador, 2014). This could cause worry in our sector, as democratic instability could possibly create future issues in the economy or stent economic growth.   

 

El Espectador. (2014). “Colombianos quieren la paz, pero sin concesiones a la guerrilla.” ElEspectador.com.  http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/paz/colombianos-quieren-paz-sin-concesiones-guerrilla-articulo-511974 accessed February 12, 2016.  

 

Mata, N. (2016). “Acercamientos con el Eln están en un punto crítico.” ElColombiano.com http://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/paz-y-derechos-humanos/acercamientos-con-el-eln-estan-en-un-punto-critico-YN3582188  accessed February 12, 2016.  

 

18. Attitudes Toward Government 

 

In Colombia there is a lack of respect for public officials and government in general, which can be seen in the constant occurrences of “paros,” public manifestations, strikes,  disobedience of traffic laws, etc. (Semana, 2015). This, according to La Semana, shows signs of a weak government and citizens who are unsatisfied with  the government. This weakness has been exemplified in various examples, including recently when Venezuela would not allowed deported Colombians to return to their homes in order to bring back their belongings at the request of the Colombian government (El Tiempo, 2015). This types of situations cause Colombians to trust less in their government, and therefore respect the government less and act out against the state.  

 

El Tiempo. (2015). “Crisis de Colombia y Venezuela, en manos de Unasur y OEA.” ElTiempo.com http://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/frontera-colombia-venezuela-que-dice-comunidad-internacional/16300336 accessed February 12, 2016.  

 

Semana. (2015). “¿Dónde está la autoridad en Colombia?” Semana.com. 

http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/donde-esta-la-autoridad-en-colombia/420951-3 accessed February 12, 2016.  

 
19. Attitudes Toward Work 

 

Colombia has a high level of entrepreneurs, yet according to Schnarch, the success rate of small  businesses stands only at about 20%. According to the University of Rosario, 88% of Colombians have a positive attitude towards entrepreneurship, and that 64% believe entrepreneurship can be learned.  This shows that in general Colombians are driven to be innovative, creative and to build their own business, yet may be over ambitious  and not have the knowledge or dedication to follow through on creating a successful business.  

 

Schnarch, A. (2014). “ Colombia, ¿país de emprendedores?” Portafolio.co. http://www.portafolio.co/columnistas/colombia-pais-emprendedores accessed February 12, 2016.  

 

Universidad del Rosario. (2015). “El 88% de los colombianos tiene una actitud positiva hacia el emprendimiento.” Urosario.edu.co. http://www.urosario.edu.co/sala-de-prensa/noticias/Generales/El-88-de-los-colombianos-tiene-una-actitud-positiv/ accessed February 12, 2016.  

 

20. Buying Habits 

 

Colombians tend to have very predictable and common buying habits. According to Sura, Colombians nation wide have similar tastes in products, in foods, styles, etc. In the fashion sector, 68% of clothing purchases  are made during the second semester of each year, and tend to be each time more casual clothes (Mira, 2013). Consumers are also more interested in buying environmentally friendly products, and products that can be purchased online or delivered (El Tiempo, 2015). By going green, offering online sales, and offering promotions during the second semester of each year, we may be able to better meet the needs of the consumer and increasesales.  

 

El Tiempo. (2015). “Lo práctico y lo verde marcan el consumo.” ElTiempo.com. http://www.eltiempo.com/economia/finanzas-personales/las-preferencias-de-los-consumidores/15213192  accessed February 12, 2016.  

 

Mira, B. (2013). “Hábitos de consumo en Colombia.” Sura.com. http://www.sura.com/blogs/mujeres/habitos-consumo-colombia.aspx accessed February 12, 2016.  

 

21. Ethical Concerns 

 

In Colombia, there is a general concern for the large amount of unethical behavior that occurs within the country. Governmental scandals, buying of votes, stealing of government money; these are the activities that  take place frequently in Colombia, and the citizens of the country seem to accept their occurrence and feel helpless to do anything about it (Morales, 2011). However, not only is the government responsible for a lack of ethical behavior; the citizens themselves demonstrate a lack of ethics in their daily behaviors. According to Semana, 80% of Colombians believe that their is a lack of respect for the authorities and for the law, and protests, cutting in line, breaking traffic laws, speaking rudely to police officers and other officials are all normal activities of Colombians from all levels of society. Colombia as a whole needs progress in regards to ethical behavior.  

 

Morales, E. (2011). “La crisis ética de Colombia.” CronicadelQuindio.com. http://www.cronicadelquindio.com/noticia-noticia_opinion-op-3181  accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

Semana. (2015). “¿Dónde está la autoridad en Colombia?” Semana.com. 

http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/donde-esta-la-autoridad-en-colombia/420951-3 accessed February 12, 2016.  

  

22. Attitudes Toward Saving 

 

There is a distrust towards financial institutions in Colombia. As of 2015, 37% of Colombians still keep their savings “under their mattress” rather than in a savings account in the bank (El Pais, 2015). Even with services like mobile banking for low income individuals, the banking system still lacks sufficient incentives to attract more, especially low income, Colombian consumers, or additionally, these consumers don't have enough money to put any aside for savings (García, 2013). This means that many Colombians, even those who do have bank accounts, may have extra liquidity which could be used to make extra purchases such as athletic apparel. However, it is also likely that a distrust in the banking system may demonstrate signs of a weak or unstable economy and dampened spending habits. 

 

El Pais. (2015). “De los colombianos que ahorran, el 37% lo hacen debajo del colchón.” ElPais.com. http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/economia/noticias/colombianos-ahorran-37-hacen-debajo-colchon accessed February 15, 2016. 

 

García, C. (2013). “El 70 % de los colombianos ahorra en ‘cadenas’.” Portafolio.co. http://www.portafolio.co/economia/70-los-colombianos-ahorra-%25E2%2580%2598cadenas%25E2%2580%2599-y-fondos-familia accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

23. Sex Roles 

 

Historically, Colombia has demonstrated a very conservative perspective on sex roles of males and females within the home and in society. Additionally, Orstavik adds that in Colombia women's rights are often violated (37% of women report being abused) and that women are underrepresented in government (12% of governmental seats are held by women). There are signs that these roles are changing however, as in the last two decades, the quantity of women in the workforce has jumped by 24%, to a total of  55.8% according to a study made by the United Nations (El Tiempo, 2015). Women are becoming more empowered in the Colombian society, and although society still may hold a more traditional perspective on their role, it is clear that women have increasing access to work, education and inclusive making their own purchasing decisions with their own income. This is an  

opportunity for our industry, as women who have their own extra income may be interested in buying attractive athletic apparel and leading a more active lifestyle.  

 

El Tiempo. (2015). “56 de cada 100 mujeres hoy tienen trabajo.” ElTiempo.com http://www.eltiempo.com/economia/sectores/igualdad-de-genero-acceso-de-la-mujer-a-la-fuerza-laboral-en-el-pais-tuvo-salto-del-24-/15772796 accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

Orstavik, S. (2013). “Colombia's Gender Problem.” WorldPolicy.org. http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2013/11/25/colombias-gender-problem accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

24. Attitudes Toward Investing 

 

According to Portafolio, Colombians are moving in the opposite direction of tendencies towards individualism in the rest of the world, and still value advice and opinions of their family when taking decisions, especially in regards to investing money. Colombians are known for having a more moderate attitude towards investing compared to other countries, and are open to the possibility of taking risks in lieu of financial gain (Portafolio, 2012). According to a study by Nielsen, Colombians as a whole do not prioritize investing, as they spend a larger percentage of extra income on entertainment than on investments or a retirement fund (La Republica, 2015). This could be positive for our sector, as this opens more liquidity that can be spent on athletic products, especially as exercising is a form of entertainment or a way to pass free time.   

 

La Republica. (2015). “Colombianos gastan más en diversión que en comprar acciones y en su fondo de retiro.” LaRepublica.co. http://www.larepublica.co/colombianos-gastan-m%C3%A1s-en-diversi%C3%B3n-que-en-comprar-acciones-y-en-su-fondo-de-retiro_262926 accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

Portafolio. (2012). “Colombianos son inversionistas confiados, según estudio.” Portafolio.co. http://www.portafolio.co/portafolio-plus/colombianos-son-inversionistas-confiados-segun-estudio accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

25. Racial Equality 

 

According to Semana, in Colombia there exists discrimination against indigenous and Afro Colombian communities in regards to opportunities for work and education. The U.S. and Colombian governments, however, have created an “Action Plan on Racial and Ethnic Equality” for Colombia which aims to overcome the challenges of racial discrimination and inequality within the country (U.S. Department of State, 2015).  

 

Semana. (2013). “En Colombia persiste la discriminación racial.” Semana.com. http://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/en-colombia-persiste-discriminacion-racial/337390-3 accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

U.S. Department of State. (2015). [Salto de ajuste de texto]“U.S. - Colombia Action Plan on Racial and Ethnic Equality.” http://www.state.gov/p/wha/rls/fs/245013.htm accessed February 15, 2016. 

 
26. Use of Birth Control 

 

According to the United Nations, 73% of women between the ages of 15 and 49 use contraceptives or some form of birth control, and knowledge of contraceptive methods is universal. However, the average number of underage pregnancies between 2008 and 2013 of mothers ages 10-19 is 159.656 pregnancies per year, and 19,5% of adolescents is pregnant or already a mother (El Espectador, 2014). This quantity of underage births is likely do to lack of education.  

 

El Espectador. (2014). “Alarmantes cifras de embarazo adolescente en Colombia.” ElEspectador.com. http://www.elespectador.com/noticias/salud/alarmantes-cifras-de-embarazo-adolescente-colombia-articulo-518121 accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

United Nations. (2012). “222 Millones de Mujeres No Tienen Acceso a la Planificación Familiar en el Mundo.” NacionesUnidas.org.co. http://nacionesunidas.org.co/blog/2012/11/14/222-millones-de-mujeres-no-tienen-acceso-a-la-planificacion-familiar-en-el-mundo/ accessed February 15, 2016.  

 
27. Average Level of Education 

 

42% of 25-64 year olds in Colombia have attained an upper secondary education, while 20% of adults have attained a tertiary qualification as of the year 2012 (OECD, 2014). According to OECD, this score for upper secondary education is low compared to other Latin American countries, while the score for tertiary qualification ishigher than other Latin American countries. In the average number of years of education per student, Chile is the South American leader with 9.7 years, while Colombia comes in second place with an average of 9.4 years (La Republica, 2014). In addition, in terms of educational quality based upon a series of tests realized international, Colombia came in 62nd place of 65 countries surveyed worldwide, and 8th of 10 Latin American countries (La Republica, 2014). Therefore, the educational system in Colombia lacks a lot in terms of quality, as well as in quantity of the population with an upper secondary education.  

 

La Republica. (2014). “Colombia está al mismo nivel de Chile en años de escolaridad, pero no en calidad.” LaRepublica.co. http://www.larepublica.co/colombia-est%C3%A1-al-mismo-nivel-de-chile-en-a%C3%B1os-de-escolaridad-pero-no-en-calidad_162621 accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

OECD. (2014). “Education at a Glance, 2014.” OECD.org. http://www.oecd.org/edu/Colombia_EAG2014_CountryNote_ENG.pdf  accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

28. Government Regulation  

 

Colombia has instilled recent initiatives to simplify formalities regarding businesses and citizens, and has sought to make their administrative activities more transparent in order to promote accountability within government (OECD, 2013). Numerous economic agreements made with other Latin American countries, however, have created overlapping tariffs on imports and exports of goods, and regulatory complexity in spite  of the country's efforts to simplify its tariff schedule (Export, 2013). Simplified formalities and tariffs will make trade more efficient and less costly, which could be beneficial for our sector. In terms of importations and exportations, however, the  complexity that already exists in the regulatory system could create delays, extra costs, ect. when shipping.  

 

Export. (2013). “ Trade Regulations and Standards in Colombia.” Export.gov. http://www.export.gov/colombia/doingbusinessincolombia/traderegulationsstandards/index.asp accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

OECD. (2013). “OECD Review of Regulatory Reform: Colombia 2013.” OECD.org. http://www.oecd.org/countries/colombia/regulatory-policy-colombia.htm accessed February 15, 2016.  

 

 

29. Attitudes toward retirement

Due to the unexpected increase in the rate of longevity of Colombians, the Honorable Constitutional Court of Colombia, together with other government agencies has decided to increase the retirement age of its inhabitants, generating unease among young people and early in the workplace , by the belief that they have in future will be almost impossible to retire, therefore, people close to this stage of their lives, have taken the determination to maximize the benefits offered by the Colombian State to retired beneficiaries Colpensiones . However, due to the disinterest of young people about this issue, the government has been failing worryingly on the issue of pensions, and today has about studies showing that the poorest people in Colombia is located in the third age.

Duque Ospina, M. (2016). ¿Dónde pensionarse?. [Online] Portafolio.com.co. Available at: http://www.portafolio.co/opinion/pensiones-colombia-2015 [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Recaudo. (2015). 1st ed. [eBook] Bogotá. Available at: https://www.colpensiones.gov.co/publicaciones/772/I_60_1.pdf [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

30. Attitudes toward leisure time

With regard to the Colombian context, the Ministry of Labor has established the obligation to employees who work for more than 48 hours per week, they should be entitled to a recreation time every 8 days, and otherwise the employer will be fined an amount approximate 5,000 legal minimum wages. According to this measure, it is important to note that companies and all industries should consider this measure to avoid unexpected penalties, and target to do not affect their economy.

www.elcolombiano.com, (2015). Empresas obligadas a brindar dos horas de ocio a sus empleados. [Online] Available at: http://www.elcolombiano.com/negocios/empresas/empresas-obligadas-a-brindar-dos-horas-de-ocio-a-sus-empleados-XC1136101 [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Salazar, C. and Ceballos, A. (2015). El concepto ocio en la vida moderna de Latinoamérica: revisión y apuntes para una ingeniería sociocultural. Razón y palabra, [online] (90), p.15. Available at: https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=5183577 [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

31. Attitudes toward product quality

For more than 6 decades, the quality of products has formed an essential part in choosing them by buyers, who focus on getting products that are recognized excellent quality due to the brands that sponsor them, distribute, manufactured and / or sold. Likewise, customers in many occasions have removed themselves able to find many brands that can provide them exact products according to your expectations, so it is very important that the company to begins to establish its niche and position in a highly competitive market stand out from the others by its development opportunity for the country and its social and cultural commitment to the society in which it operates.

www.elcolombiano.com, (2014). 20 productos colombianos fueron premiados con sello de calidad. [online] Available at: http://www.elcolombiano.com/historico/20_productos_colombianos_fueron_premiados_con_sello_de_calidad-PXEC_295820 [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Guevara, C. (2012). Calidad y Actitud: LA CALIDAD MAS ALLA DEL PRODUCTO, SIRVIENDO PERSONAS. [online] Calidadyactitud.blogspot.com.co. Available at: http://calidadyactitud.blogspot.com.co/2012/07/la-calidad-mas-alla-del-producto.html [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

32. Attitudes toward customer service

The customer service in Colombia has been very poor in recent years, why have settled large numbers of policies and laws that protect the customer against various abuses by providers of the service or product. Therefore, one of the keys to the influence of who provides the service on the recipient does not cause discomfort, companies must implement a model in which promote the study of their employees and form a culture that makes them partakers of all processes that can make the company to strengthen ties and create a greater commitment for both parties, ensuring a service to generate satisfaction and awareness that one day all have been and / or will be the recipients of a service that fully meets expectations .

Suárez Shool, R. (2014). Mal servicio al cliente en Colombia, de reto a costumbre. [online] pulzo.com. Available at: http://www.pulzo.com/opinion/mal-servicio-al-cliente-en-colombia-de-reto-costumbre/204371 [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Vallejo, G. (2012). ¿Por qué somos tan mediocres en la calidad de nuestro servicio?. [online] Eltiempo.com. Available at: http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-11987981 [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

33. Pollution control

Bogotá DC, August 14, 2015 - On the occasion of the commemoration of the Inter-American Day Air Quality (DIARIES), the governments of Latin America and the Caribbean reaffirm their commitment to combat air pollution and improve air quality and health of the population of the international region. International Organisms warn that the strengthening of measures to promote the improvement of air quality in order to reduce and prevent respiratory and associated exposure of substances harmful to health these diseases is necessary deaths in the air. On the other hand, it is noted that by increasing the temperature in Colombia is very important to continue increasing laws restricting water waste in the country, restrict the use of cars on certain days, and begin to implement policies that favor the environment but also allow to carry out the work of industries minimizing emissions of toxic gases and implementing alternative energy methods production sustainable and friendly to the environment

Prensa, S. (2016). América Latina y El Caribe reafirman su compromiso para mejorar la calidad del aire | Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible. [online] Minambiente.gov.co. Available at: https://www.minambiente.gov.co/index.php/component/content/article/122-noticias-minambiente/1970-america-latina-y-el-caribe-reafirman-su-compromiso-para-mejorar-la-calidad-del-aire [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Wwf.org.co, (2015). En acción 22, 2015: el año del cambio climático y el agua. [online] Available at: http://www.wwf.org.co/?258911/En-accin-22-2015-el-ao-del-cambio-climtico-y-el-agua [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

34. Attitudes toward foreign peoples

The perception of foreigners about the country's image of Colombia is conditioned by different psychological factors such as: a) the output from the image of a country generated by experience (for those who have visited), b) beliefs around a country (for those who have visited and have not visited) and elements that are associated with a country through its people, symbols, preferences, among others.

A study of 1,544 foreigners in 2013 by the Observatory of Country Image of CESA, indicates that 27% of foreign visitors and prospects agree associate the word Colombia with drugs, terrorism, insecurity and corruption. Followed by 20% of respondents who associate it with coffee. Attributes such as the forest, mountains, beaches, art, culture, gastronomy and sports, were exposed by foreigners. This indicates how the image of Colombia has managed to explore new areas of interest for very different visitor to traditional perceptions. For this reason Colombia has one of the bad images in Latin America, and has devoted much of its resources to achieve continuously improve the image for the foreigners and as seen during the last administration of the country, achieving the much desired peace certifies growth of this great country

Echeverri, L. (2014). Lo que piensan los extranjeros sobre la imagen país de Colombia. [online] Paismarca.com. Available at: http://paismarca.com/2014/07/14/lo-que-piensan-los-extranjeros-sobre-la-imagen-pais-de-colombia/ [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Mi Viajar, (2013). Colombia vista desde adentro por los extranjeros (Parte I) - Mi Viajar. [online] Available at: http://miviajar.com/2013/09/12/colombia-vista-desde-adentro-por-los-extranjeros-parte-i/ [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

35. Energy conservation

The way in which the domestic production of energy networks is essential in the context of climate change facing the country. The El Nino phenomenon that used to appear every three years, now appears almost every year. In addition, between 2013 and 2014, rainfall levels have fallen 22%, according Acolgen.

This represents a significant risk to the current generation. The country has a production in 2015 of 15,500 MW and is expected to 2019 has been expanded to 18,000 MW. Most projects in Colombia have focused on the development of the promotion, cleaner production, environmental impact assessment, climate change, biodiversity conservation, restoration of strategic ecosystems, waste management, biosafety the taxonomic inventories, environmental services, bioremediation land stewardship of water resources, eco-tourism and environmental education, making it easier for industries to maintain their high quality processes and in order to take care of the entire planet.

Dinero.com, (2015). ¿Qué tan competitiva es la energía colombiana?. [online] Available at: http://www.dinero.com/economia/articulo/analisis-produccion-energetica-del-pais-su-competitividad/211733 [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Alianza Internacional de Desarrollo Territorial, (2013). Conservación y restauración de ecosistemas estratégicos. [online] Available at: http://aidterritorial.org/proyectos/ambiente/ [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

36. Social Programs

"Gran Colombia," a program of solidarity to protect the elderly in extreme poverty.

"Greater Colombia" is the program of the national government, which seeks to protect older people who are homeless, have no pension or living in poverty and / or extreme poverty. In this type of program can benefit the nation with a better perspective of international politics toward the country and the people and businesses of various industries who are willing to Generate contribute high employment and the country's development by improving the quality of life of persons, in this case the elderly.

Prosperidadsocial.gov.co, (2016). Páginas - DPS - Portal. [online] Available at: http://www.prosperidadsocial.gov.co/Paginas/Inicio.aspx [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Mintrabajo.gov.co, (2016). Colombia Mayor. [online] Available at: http://www.mintrabajo.gov.co/colombia-mayor.html [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

37. Number of churches

The main religions are Catholicism in Colombia with 87.3% of the population, or Evangelical Protestantism with 11.5%. Also there are large clusters of members of The Church of Jesus Christ Latter-day Saints, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Jews, Muslims, Hindus, Gnostics, among others.

Exteriores.gov.es, (2015). Colombia. [online] Available at: http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/colombia_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

38. Number of church members

Exteriores.gov.es, (2015). Colombia. [online] Available at: http://www.exteriores.gob.es/Documents/FichasPais/colombia_FICHA%20PAIS.pdf [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Monografias.com, (2016). Educación religiosa escolar (ERE) - Monografias.com. [online] Available at: http://www.monografias.com/trabajos90/plan-area-educacion-religiosa/plan-area-educacion-religiosa.shtml [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

39. Social responsibility

"The policies and operational practices that improve the competitiveness of a company, while helping to improve the economic, social and environmental conditions in the communities where it operates." That's social responsibility, says the Manager of Merco in Colombia.

"Get Certified Social Responsibility is the ratification of a commitment to society and the planet, which is why we want the social investment organizations is continuous in time. The validity of the Certificate in Social Responsibility is one year and It seeks ratification of actions aimed at developing practical responsibility. "Corporación FENALCO SOLIDARIO COLOMBIA.

Portafolio.com.co, (2015). La importancia de la responsabilidad social. [online] Available at: http://www.portafolio.co/negocios/la-importancia-la-responsabilidad-social [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Fenalcosolidario.com, (2015). Certificado en Responsabilidad Social | Corporación Fenalco Solidario Colombia. [online] Available at: http://www.fenalcosolidario.com/servicios/certificado-en-responsabilidad-social [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

40. Attitudes toward carrers

On account of the changes in the labor market, the most sought after professions have changed. But it has not changed the type of professional required: one that can work together, prompt delivery results and has creativity.

According to the Labor Observatory, university programs more closely tied in 2013 (although there is no publicly available data for 2014) were Petroleum Engineering, Geology, Electromechanical Engineering, Medicine, Mining Engineering, Engineering Management, Pharmacy, Statistics, Finance and International Relations and Engineering electric.

Semana.com, (2015). Las diez carreras con más salida. [online] Available at: http://www.semana.com/especiales-comerciales/articulo/las-diez-carreras-con-mas-salida/422007-3 [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Herrera, S. (2015). Estas son las carreras que menos estudian los colombianos. [online] www.elcolombiano.com. Available at: http://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/educacion/estas-son-las-carreras-que-menos-estudian-los-colombianos-MA2471952 [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

41. Population changes by race, age, sex, and level of affluence

Expectations or life expectancy at birth is the number of years you will live on average people of the same birth day, keeping the mortality pattern is constant along the lifetime age. The expectation Life expectancy at birth in Colombia is currently 76, higher than that prevailing in Latin America (74.7 years) and lower than that of developed countries (80 years).

In 2050, a woman at birth could expect to live 83.4 years, while a man would live 77.5 years. The increase in life expectancy between 1990 and 2050 would total 1.9 years for women and 12.9 years for men. 58% of this increase occurring between 1990 and 2015, and the remaining 42% is expected to happen by 2050.

Colombia.com, (2016). Población - Colombia Info - Colombia.com. [online] Available at: http://www.colombia.com/colombia-info/estadisticas/poblacion/ [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Flórez, C., Villar, L., Puerta, N. and Berrocal, L. (2015). El proceso de envejecimiento de la población en Colombia: 1985-2050. [online] mision colombia envejece. Available at: http://misioncolombiaenvejece.com/pdf/MCE-C1.pdf [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

41. Popullation changes in Colombia

Expectations or life expectancy at birth is the number of years you will live on average people of the same birth day, keeping the mortality pattern is constant along the lifetime age. The expectation Life expectancy at birth in Colombia is currently 76, higher than that prevailing in Latin America (74.7 years) and lower than that of developed countries (80 years).

In 2050, a woman at birth could expect to live 83.4 years, while a man would live 77.5 years. The increase in life expectancy between 1990 and 2050 would total 1.9 years for women and 12.9 years for men. 58% of this increase occurring between 1990 and 2015, and the remaining 42% is expected to happen by 2050.

Expectations or life expectancy at birth is the number of years you will live on average people of the same birth day, keeping the mortality pattern is constant along the lifetime age. The expectation Life expectancy at birth in Colombia is currently 76, higher than that prevailing in Latin America (74.7 years) and lower than that of developed countries (80 years).

In 2050, a woman at birth could expect to live 83.4 years, while a man would live 77.5 years. The increase in life expectancy between 1990 and 2050 would total 1.9 years for women and 12.9 years for men. 58% of this increase occurring between 1990 and 2015, and the remaining 42% is expected to happen by 2050.

Colombia.com, (2016). Población - Colombia Info - Colombia.com. [online] Available at: http://www.colombia.com/colombia-info/estadisticas/poblacion/ [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Flórez, C., Villar, L., Puerta, N. and Berrocal, L. (2015). El proceso de envejecimiento de la población en Colombia: 1985-2050. [online] mision colombia envejece. Available at: http://misioncolombiaenvejece.com/pdf/MCE-C1.pdf [Accessed 14 Feb. 2016].

Edad promedio de los colombianos - Dinero.com. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2016, from http://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/pais/articulo/edad-promedio-colombianos/206486

Passport. (2015). Consumer Lifestyles in Colombia. Euromonitor International, (july). Retrieved from http://www.portal.euromonitor.com/

Picture taken from: http://www.portal.euromonitor.com.ezproxy.unisabana.edu.co/portal/analysis/tab
41. Popullation changes in Colombia
42. Value placed on leisure time

Expectations or life expectancy at birth is the number of years you will live on average people of the same birth day, keeping the mortality pattern is constant along the lifetime age. The expectation Life expectancy at birth in Colombia is currently 76, higher than that prevailing in Latin America (74.7 years) and lower than that of developed countries (80 years).

In 2050, a woman at birth could expect to live 83.4 years, while a man would live 77.5 years. The increase in life expectancy between 1990 and 2050 would total 1.9 years for women and 12.9 years for men. 58% of this increase occurring between 1990 and 2015, and the remaining 42% is expected to happen by 2050.

Expectations or life expectancy at birth is the number of years you will live on average people of the same birth day, keeping the mortality pattern is constant along the lifetime age. The expectation Life expectancy at birth in Colombia is currently 76, higher than that prevailing in Latin America (74.7 years) and lower than that of developed countries (80 years).

In 2050, a woman at birth could expect to live 83.4 years, while a man would live 77.5 years. The increase in life expectancy between 1990 and 2050 would total 1.9 years for women and 12.9 years for men. 58% of this increase occurring between 1990 and 2015, and the remaining 42% is expected to happen by 2050.

The mainly activity of spend leisure time is watch tv, also spend leisure time with failie has decolned due to internet use and video games, the time spend with familia is in the dinner and watch tv the most popular TV programmes are series, or reality shows. Also people spend time in activities like go to party or go to the mall mainly the weekends. Other way for use the leisure time is practice sports like football mainly, although nowadays people prefer make sedentary activities.

Edad promedio de los colombianos - Dinero.com. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2016, from http://www.dinero.com/edicion-impresa/pais/articulo/edad-promedio-colombianos/206486

Passport. (2015). Consumer Lifestyles in Colombia. Euromonitor International, (july). Retrieved from http://www.portal.euromonitor.com/

Passport. (2015). Consumer Lifestyles in Colombia. Euromonitor International, (july). Retrieved from http://www.portal.euromonitor.com/

42. Value placed on leisure time
43. Regional changes in tastes and preferences

The mainly activity of spend leisure time is watch tv, also spend leisure time with failie has decolned due to internet use and video games, the time spend with familia is in the dinner and watch tv the most popular TV programmes are series, or reality shows. Also people spend time in activities like go to party or go to the mall mainly the weekends. Other way for use the leisure time is practice sports like football mainly, although nowadays people prefer make sedentary activities.

Colombia have a diversificated culture, in each region changing the habits, food, expression ways like music or closeth styles and dialect. Colombia can differ several subcultures byr regions, like rolos (bogota) paisas (Antioquia and eje caftero) costeños (Atlantic and Pacific coast) and others, each region have their tipical food for instance bandeja paisa (Antioquia and eje caftero), or tamal (bogota or tolima), the changes in clothes depending of variety of weather.

Passport. (2015). Consumer Lifestyles in Colombia. Euromonitor International, (july). Retrieved from http://www.portal.euromonitor.com/

Entradas sobre geografia humana en Tres colores y un país. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2016, from https://trescoloresyunpais.wordpress.com/category/geografia-humana-2/

44. Number of women and minority workers

Colombia have a diversificated culture, in each region changing the habits, food, expression ways like music or closeth styles and dialect. Colombia can differ several subcultures byr regions, like rolos (bogota) paisas (Antioquia and eje caftero) costeños (Atlantic and Pacific coast) and others, each region have their tipical food for instance bandeja paisa (Antioquia and eje caftero), or tamal (bogota or tolima), the changes in clothes depending of variety of weather.

Despite of rise of women workers around the coutry the mens take advantage in this, in according to DANE dates in the last trimester of 2015 women had a ocupation  rate of 49,7% to differ of men that had a 72% ocupation  rate; the mainly ocuptional posición was (trabajador por cuanta propia) for both sex with a percentage of 44,2% for men and 40,3% for wowen (see second graph); the mainly activities developed by men was agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing and women developed activitis like trade, hotels and restaurants (see first grapf). The inactive women dedicated mainly to household and inactive men to study (see graph 3).

Entradas sobre geografia humana en Tres colores y un país. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2016, from https://trescoloresyunpais.wordpress.com/category/geografia-humana-2/

Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2015). Boletín técnico Mercado laboral por departamentos, 1–36. Retrieved from http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/ech/ml_depto/Boletin_dep_14.pdf

44. Number of women and minority workers
45. Recycling

Despite of rise of women workers around the coutry the mens take advantage in this, in according to DANE dates in the last trimester of 2015 women had a ocupation  rate of 49,7% to differ of men that had a 72% ocupation  rate; the mainly ocuptional posición was (trabajador por cuanta propia) for both sex with a percentage of 44,2% for men and 40,3% for wowen (see second graph); the mainly activities developed by men was agriculture, hunting, forestry and fishing and women developed activitis like trade, hotels and restaurants (see first grapf). The inactive women dedicated mainly to household and inactive men to study (see graph 3).

This actvity is made by informal recyclers mainly, there are some associations but the major recyclers not belong to any associations. In Colombia the 19% of waste is recycling, Main collected recyclable materials are metals (49,75%), paper and cardboard (35,01%), plastics (11,15%) and glass (4,09%).

Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). (2015). Boletín técnico Mercado laboral por departamentos, 1–36. Retrieved from http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/ech/ml_depto/Boletin_dep_14.pdf

Carolina, M., & Sarmiento, C. (n.d.). S o l i d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t i n C o l o m b i a

45. Recycling
46. Waste management

This actvity is made by informal recyclers mainly, there are some associations but the major recyclers not belong to any associations. In Colombia the 19% of waste is recycling, Main collected recyclable materials are metals (49,75%), paper and cardboard (35,01%), plastics (11,15%) and glass (4,09%).

This actvity is made by informal recyclers mainly, there are some associations but the major recyclers not belong to any associations. In Colombia the 19% of waste is recycling, Main collected recyclable materials are metals (49,75%), paper and cardboard (35,01%), plastics (11,15%) and glass (4,09%).

Carolina, M., & Sarmiento, C. (n.d.). S o l i d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t i n C o l o m b i a

Carolina, M., & Sarmiento, C. (n.d.). S o l i d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t i n C o l o m b i a.

Portal Minvivienda Planes de Gestion Integral de Residuos Solidos PGIRS. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2016, from http://www.minvivienda.gov.co/viceministerios/viceministerio-de-agua/planes-de-gestion-integral-de-residuos-solidos

46. Waste management
47. Air pollution

This actvity is made by informal recyclers mainly, there are some associations but the major recyclers not belong to any associations. In Colombia the 19% of waste is recycling, Main collected recyclable materials are metals (49,75%), paper and cardboard (35,01%), plastics (11,15%) and glass (4,09%).

actually in colombia air pollution is a big problem mainly in principal cities like Bogota D.C., for this reason the govermen has create the “Plan de Acción de la Política de Prevención y Control de la Contaminación del Aire” in which is established objectives for reduce air pollution, this objectives are evaluate in short (2014), médium (2016) and long (2019) term, the nex chart show the last information.

Carolina, M., & Sarmiento, C. (n.d.). S o l i d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t i n C o l o m b i a.

Portal Minvivienda Planes de Gestion Integral de Residuos Solidos PGIRS. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2016, from http://www.minvivienda.gov.co/viceministerios/viceministerio-de-agua/planes-de-gestion-integral-de-residuos-solidos

Ministerio de Ambiente-Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. (2010). Política de Prevencion y Control de la Contaminación del Aire. Dirección de Desarrollo Sectorial Sostenible, 1–50.

47. Air pollution
48. Water pollution

actually in colombia air pollution is a big problem mainly in principal cities like Bogota D.C., for this reason the govermen has create the “Plan de Acción de la Política de Prevención y Control de la Contaminación del Aire” in which is established objectives for reduce air pollution, this objectives are evaluate in short (2014), médium (2016) and long (2019) term, the nex chart show the last information.

In according to IDEAM dates quality of water in the mainly source  (macrocuenca Magdalena – Cauca) is 17.2% belonging to aceptable category, the goverment want maintain this percentage or rise this.

Ministerio de Ambiente-Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. (2010). Política de Prevencion y Control de la Contaminación del Aire. Dirección de Desarrollo Sectorial Sostenible, 1–50.

Instituto de Hidrología Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales - IDEAM. (2011). Hoja metodoloógica del indicador Índice de calidad del agua (Versión 1,00). Sistema de Indicadores Ambientales de Colombia - Indicadores de Calidad Del Agua Superficial, 1–10.

48. Water pollution
49. Endangerend species

Colombia is the second country with most biodiversity around the world after to brazil, but actually there are 1203 endangered species, 470 animal species: 60 in critical danger, 129 in danger, 218 in vulnerable category; and 796 plants species, 113 in critical danger, 261 in danger, and 422 in vulnerable category.

 

Mainly causes of this are population increase, habitat fragmentation, (tala de arboles), environmental ministery has being developed programs for preserve the biodiversity, also has publicated red books and has issued resolutions for declare endangered species around the country.

Instituto de Hidrología Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales - IDEAM. (2011). Hoja metodoloógica del indicador Índice de calidad del agua (Versión 1,00). Sistema de Indicadores Ambientales de Colombia - Indicadores de Calidad Del Agua Superficial, 1–10.

En Colombia hay más de 1200 especies en amenaza: Minambiente - Colombia - El País. (n.d.). Retrieved February 15, 2016, from http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/colombia/noticias/colombia-hay-1200-especies-amenaza-minambiente

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