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In recent years economic situation in Colombia has been affected by different aspects, for instance from july 2014 has been presented a drop in oil prices, which in turn generate a peso devaluation, this affect aspects like imports and exports, as to imports is harmful because there are expensive price, however exports are stimulated, but there is a déficit in balance of payments which generate less national incomes therefore a less economic growth. Other importatnt aspect is the infation rates which was of 6.7% for 2015 this mean that  exceed the target range which was between 2% and 4%.

 

The monetary policies in Colombia are destinated to reduce inflation rates and achieve a higher economic growth, then for respond to those unexpected changes the banco de la republica has decided rise the interest rates to 6%; according to this entity rise the interest rates is the best way for achieve get to have a inflation rate of 3% in the second semester of 2016.

 

The monetary policies affect all country economy and all industries, in the case of apparel industry this is affected for instance for rising of interst rates because because if there is a most high interest rate, the buyers prefer don`t not borrow and thus buy less, Also the industry won´t be able to adquire some imputs or outsourcing because of the value of the money in the time. It is not the same to hace 1.000 pesos today, than tomorrow, however the industry can take advantage of peso devaluation through exportations, and to be more efficient for cover the high cost of importations.

21. Monetary policies 

General, Gerente Uribe, J. D. (2015). Informe de Política Monetaria y Rendición de Cuentas. Banco de La República, 1–10. Retrieved from http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/publicaciones/archivos/pisi_nov_2015.pdf

 

Banco de la República de Colombia. (2015). Evolución de la situación inflacionaria y decisiones de política monetaria, 9–10.

2. Availability of credit

The sevice industry in Colombia is one  the most important around the country, for this reason affect all economy around the country and all industries, in the case of appareal industry the service industry affect in several ways. First, using the internet everyone can sell online their products through our webpage or third trave,this generate low cost and more customers, for instance using social networks like Facebook or Instagram companies can do marketing and achieve more sells, also a benefit of online sells is that its no necesary to have a physical stores in each region which generate low cost too. Second also  the internet help to  be updated in new fashion trends around the world, then if the industry can be updated this can please the new customers needs which specially in fashion market are changing faster. Other kind of service that affect the apparel industry, mainly in sport line, is the gym service, because now there are a trend of people fitness and for this reason go to the gym is the best option for follow this trend, and for apparel indsutry is good because people need adecuate clothes for do excersice.

1.Shift a service economy in Colombia

El tiempo. (15 de 07 de 2015). el tiempo.com. Obtenido de app.eltiempo.com/economia/sectores/crecimiento-de-los-gimnasios-en-colombia/16125076

 

grupo_10_sec_7biaggini_tec.moda. (s.f.). 2015. Obtenido de https://sites.google.com/site/grupo15sec7biagginitecmoda/tecnologia-y-sociedad/el-impacto-de-las-tic-s-en-la-industria-de-la-moda

According to Banco de la República, the first trimester of 2015 showed increased levels of demand for credit borrowed from banks and other lenders, primarily for commercial use and private consumption. The previous graph demonstrates that the majority of extra financial resources given out as credit is lent to individuals for the use of consumption and to national businesses, who will produce and sell their products in Colombia. This is good for the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry for two reasons: consumers will be able to use this credit in order to purchase their products and they, as a business, have more access to borrowed credit in order to produce and sell their products within Colombia. 

 

 

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Additionally, since the year 2001, the amount of credit given to the private sector from Colombia institutions has been on a consistent rise, moving from a value of 24.2 percent of the country's GDP in 2001, to 52.7 percent of the countries GDP in 2014 (World Bank). If banking credit to the private sector makes up 70 percent of the countries GDP, then then country is considered to have an advanced financial system (Global Economy). Colombia has not quite yet reached this point, however the trend over the last 15 years shows that the country is quickly moving in that direction, with credit becoming more available every year.

Global Economy. (2015). 'Colombia bank credit to the private sector.' Theglobaleconomy.com. http://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Colombia/Bank_credit_to_the_private_sector/ accessed February 7, 2016. 

 

Hurtado, J., Lizarazo, A., Gómex, E. (2015). 'Reporte de la Situación de Crédito en Colombia.' Banrep.gov.co. http://www.banrep.gov.co/docum/Lectura_finanzas/pdf/escc_mar_2015.pdf, accessed February 1, 2016.  

 

World Bank. (2016). 'Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP).' Worldbank.org. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS?page=2&order=wbapi_data_value_2011%20wbapi_data_value%20wbapi_data_value-first&sort=asc accessed February 7, 2016

3. Level of disposable income

Housing prices have nearly doubled in real terms since 2005 and increased by 30% compared to disposable income. This has been accompanied by strong growth in household debt. The mortgage rate subsidy reduced rates from 12.5% to 7% per annum, spurring demand. Although moderate compared with the recent experience of several OECD economies, household indebtedness with financial institutions at around 28% of disposable income in 2014 is historically high. 

 

Strong mortgage loan indicators and the good regulatory framework imply that risks are currently contained. Mortgage loan quality remain strong, the share of mortgages in total loans is relatively small (9%) and the loan-to-value ratio remains below the 70%. Furthermore, a series of macro-prudential policies that strengthen buffers and provisions have been implemented in recent years. 

 

With regard to this information, it is important to say that Colombians are having greater creditworthiness, this benefits the industry of textile and fashion, as each person will have the opportunity to buy various items for more frequent and more so thanks to the good income level many have available to invest in this industry. It is also important to mention that due to the amount of money available, the industry will be promoted to favorably received monetary and / or subsidies to boost the development of the industry to perform a task that represents further development for the country, responding that Colombia is a country with immense variety of resources and necessaries for the development of the textile industry.

OECD. (Enero de 2015). OECD.org. Obtenido de http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Overview_Colombia_ENG.pdf 

 

bank, w. (20 de 01 de 2016). world bank. Obtenido de http://data.worldbank.org/region/LAC

To support this predictions there are three researchs from DANE, about the trend of people to spend vs their mensual income.  Please click for vew

Finaly the green line shows the spend percent for each good and service. Clothes and footwear have an average of 4.5, but what is really interesting is that the preferences of spend in goods and services in order of importance from most to least, are: 1.Water, electricity, gas and fuel, 2. Diverse goods and services, 3. Food and non-alcoholic drinks, 4. Dialy Transportation, 5. Restaurants and hotels, 6. Clothes and footwear, other expenses. What that information means is that people after spending in their basic and dialy necesities, they prefer to spend int clothes and footwear than in health, education, home, culture and also alcoholic drinks and cigarettes. In conclution in Colombia there is a big opportunity in the industry of clothes and footwear, and there is a people propensity to spend on it.

4. Propensity of People to Spend

The chart below describes the total anual and trimestral demand from people and gorvernment in Colombia. As noticed, people’s demand in 2013 was 320.331 millions of millions (mm) of pesos. Secondly the anual demand for 2014 was 334.269 mm of pesos, showing that the trend starts to increase acording to the trimestral average. There’s no anual report for 2015, but acording to the chart it will be continue increasing because de trimestral average in I, II, and III; are outweight than in 2014. 

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DANE. (2015). Encuesta de ingresos y Gastos . 3/feb/2015, de DANE Sitio web: http://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/condiciones_vida/ingresos_gastos/Presentacion_resultados_bolein.pdf

 

DANE. (2007). Encuesta ingresos y Gastos. http://formularios.dane.gov.co/Anda_4_1/index.php/catalog/204

 

El Tiempo (2015) Cae porcentaje de hogares en Colombia en los que la vivienda es propia. 4/feb/2016. sitio web: http://www.eltiempo.com/economia/indicadores/ingresos-de-los-colombianos-segun-el-dane/15429799

Banco de la República de Colombia. (2015). Evolución de la situación inflacionaria y decisiones de política monetaria, 9–10.

 

Banco de la república. (2016). www.banrep.gov.co. Obtenido de www.banrep.gov.co/es/inflacion-basica

6.Inflation rates 

the last year (2015) the inflation rate was 6.7%, since September this year the inflation rate was 5.35%   according to dates of banco de la republica, the mainly factors that affect this was rising dollar, in consequence peso devaluaion, low oil prices and the drought. This economic force affect the industry, because the raw materials, and  work force  are expensive, furthermore the banco de la republica decided raise the interest rate for this reason the customer have less rent. As to imports the industry is affected by rising dollar which generates high cost because a great part of materials are imported, however the industry is good with exportations.

In the next chart we can see the evolution of inflation rates since september of 2009 to september of 2015, and we can see that between 2014 - 2015 inflation rates exceed target range, due to during this year and actually too Colombia has been facing the most high drought after ffiteen years.

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7.  Money Market Rates

Money Markets are ways to transfer money between the government and individuals, in which the government can either inject money into the economy by means of purchasing titles (expansion) or can pull money from the economy by selling titles to individuals and collecting cash (contraction). These titles exist in various forms, including treasury bills, CD’s, federal funds, etc., and are typically short term investments and low risk. As of February 1, 2016 Colombia, if the government is in expansion (putting money into the economy) they buy titles from consumers at a rate of 7%. When the government is in contraction, they sell titles to consumers at a rate of 5% (Banco de la República).This rate of return is high compared to the U.S. for example, who currently offers treasury bills at a rate of 0,047% (U.S. Department of Treasury). Historically in Colombia, these rates have been consistently increasing since a valley which fell to a rate of 2% in 2010. The fact that these rates are steadily increasing demonstrates that the Colombian economy has had healthy recovery from the economic crisis of 2008/9, and has continued to grow consistently. This is a good sign for consumers, and for businesses alike, because in a stronger economy consumers are more likely to spend, and the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry can sell more products to a larger variety of people. ​

Banrep.gov.co. (2016). 'Tasas de Intervención de Operaciones de Mercado Abierto.' Banco de la República (Colombia). http://www.banrep.gov.co/tasa-intervencion-oma, accessed on February 1, 2016.  

 

Treasury.go. (2016). Daily Treasury BIll Rates Data. U.S. Department of the Treasury. https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/data-chart-center/interest-rates/Pages/TextView.aspx?data=billrates, accessed on February 1, 2016.

" The sector is of great importance to the Government , especially in the national productive policy as it represents almost 9 % of total industry and between 1.8 % and 3 % of GDP” said the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Trade , Sergio Diaz –Granados.

 

The Colombian Textile -Apparel industry generates about 130,000 direct jobs and 750,000 indirect , representing approximately 21 % of the labor force generated by the manufacturing industry , according to a study of the sectoral chamber of ANDI.

 

In 2013 the Textile -Apparel industry represented a big part of the manufacturer industry, in 2014 it began to get lower as a response of the dólar value. But according to Dinero Magazine there is a probability that the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry can recover again their participation into the Colombian Gross Domestic Product Trend in 2016.

9. Gross Domestic Product Trend (PIB)

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País. (2013). En la industria de la moda, el mercado nacional pesa. 3/feb/2015, de Dinero Sitio web: http://www.dinero.com/pais/articulo/en-industria-moda-mercado-nacional-pesa/180267

 

Banco de la República. (2015). PIB. Metodología año base 2005. 3/feb/2015, de Banco de la República Sitio web: http://www.banrep.gov.co/es/pib

10.Consumption patterns

Today the sporting goods industry has increased due to consumption patterns shows his preference or taste for sportswear.  society is more diversified as they prefer comfortable clothes and the same look with unique and sophisticated designs to make some kind of sport. Customers want convenience when looking to buy products with the latest technology that will be easier to lead a life of fitness . Consumer demand is also very important to improve our revenue.

 

The following chart shows the consumer preference towards clothing and footwear over health, education, entertainment, transportation and communications and miscellaneous expenses. we can conclude that there is great opportunity for consumers to invest in our company as a necessary expense .

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Caracol.com.co, (2015). Crece la demanda de ropa colombiana deportiva y pijamas en el exterior. [online] Available at: http://www.caracol.com.co/noticias/regionales/crece-la-demanda-de-ropa-colombiana-deportiva-y-pijamas-en-el-exterior/20150729/nota/2872853.aspx [Accessed 7 Feb. 2016].

 

Serrano Roa, A. (2013). ¿Qué tan colombiano compramos los colombianos?. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://propais.org.co/biblioteca/inteligencia/libro-propais-2013.pdf [Accessed 7 Feb. 2016].

Tha last year (2015) Colombia had the lowest unemployment trend during the last fifteen years with a rate of 8,9%, and the employment rate was of 59,5%, in according to dates of DANE (see chart “employment and unemployment trends in 2015”). The apparel sector around the country contributed in 2015 with 94.506 employs that mean a contribution of 14% in the industrial sector.In spite of this in acording to Dinero magazine in a article published in september of 2015 showed that workfoce in apparel industry is very expensive comparing with other countries as shown in this chart, and this leads to no growth in the industry because generates high production cost, however the advnatge is if there are most employ people, will have most spends into families and they will buy so much.

11. Unemployment trends 

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colombia, i. e. (2015). invierta en colombia.com. Obtenido de http://inviertaencolombia.com.co/sectores/manufacturas/textil-y-confeccion.html

 

Revista Dinero. (9 de 19 de 2015). dinero.com. Obtenido de sector textil no avanza en colombia en el 2015: http://www.dinero.com/economia/articulo/sector-textil-no-avanza-colombia-2015/213233

 

DANE. (2016). dane.gov.co. Obtenido de www.dane.gov.co/index.php/mercado-laboral/empleo-y-desempleo

 
12. Worker Productivity Levels

Despite a queue the country during the last decade has been showing MASA Growth of  

  

Fedesarrollo says, “according to which the country must redouble : productivity efforts to keep pace with growth . " For the economy to achieve a rate of 5 percent in the coming years , productivity is required to grow about 1.6 percent annually. That figure not seen since mid- 1970 " (Portafolio 2015) 

 

Despite the country began growing with a 4.7 percent per year , which have helped to reduce unemployment, poverty and strengthen the middle class, there is no increase in the productive level.  

Luis Alberto Moreno , president of the Inter -American Development Bank (IDB ) (Dinero 2015), said one of the problems that Colombia unresolved is that productivity has not had a significant increase over the past 20 years. "  

 

In fact, the indicator of productivity that builds laboral1 Conference Board Total Economy which shows the average of gross domestic product of each Colombian worker, says that our country is one of the worst places among Latin America in terms of productivity per worker.  

 

In conclution despite the government efforts and the Colombian rates increases, it seems to be a barrier for develop the productivity rates as the other indicators. For the Colombian Textile Apparel industry it is an obstacle for increasing the manufacturing industry productivity because the majority of procedures to launch a final product, needs the interention of human workforce, decreasing the industry effectiveness. 

Ávila, O. (2011). 'The Structural Transformation and Aggregate Productivity in Colombia.' Banco de la República (Colombia). http://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/eventos/archivos/sem_334.pdf, accessed on February 1, 2016. 

 

Revista Dinero. (9 de 19 de 2015). dinero.com. Obtenido de sector textil no avanza en colombia en el 2015: http://www.dinero.com/economia/articulo/sector-textil-no-avanza-colombia-2015/213233

 

Portafolio. (21015). sitio web. http://www.portafolio.co/economia/productividad-colombia

 

Dinero (2015). Productividad en Colombia es de las más bajas de la región. sitio web. http://www.dinero.com/pais/articulo/productividad-laboral-colombia-mas-bajas-america-latina/205142

14. Stock Market Trends (mercado accionario)

The COLCAP is an indicator that reflects changes in prices of the 20 most liquid shares of the Colombia Stock Exchange ( BVC ). It says that currently the Colombian stocks are at levels of 2010, However the stock entity expects for 2015 a slight recovery in the first months of the year.

There is no repercution for those enterprises that belong to the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry and don’t have titles in the stock market and also that are not ally of an Enterprise that does have some. If they have ones or have any strong connection such as a joint venture or a kieretsu, will be strongly affected by the fluctuations in the stock market such as loosing money or gain power over competition. 

15.foreing countries economic conditions

Economic conditions in other countries may affect the industry, especially when it comes to the  markets a new foreign competition which offers better prices, better products etc , this is where the companies must learn to adapt to these new conditions and improve constantly creating value, providing benefits for the customers and employees , such payment facilities to the customers to purchase a product and offer better quality of life for the employees. 

Equallywith the rise of the dollar or Foreign Currency hay people who lose or gain from this problem , exporters earn more money to switch to dollars for pesos, but people who buy imported products, such as The technology, Food and many more , will pay more Colombian pesos products having lower value .

Consultores, G. (2013). Requisitos para Ingreso de una empresa extranjera al país..Crearempresacolombia.blogspot.com.co. Retrieved 7 February 2016, from http://crearempresacolombia.blogspot.com.co/2013/04/requisitos-para-ingreso-de-una-empresa.html 

 

Noticias RCN,. (2014). ¿Quién pierde y quién gana con el creciente precio del dólar en Colombia?. Retrieved 7 February 2016, from http://www.noticiasrcn.com/nacional-economia/quien-pierde-y-quien-gana-el-creciente-precio-del-dolar-colombia 

 

Tiempo, C. (2015). Especial: ¿Cómo afectará la subida del dólar a su bolsillo? - Especial - El Tiempo.El Tiempo. Retrieved 7 February 2016, from http://www.eltiempo.com/multimedia/especiales/aumento-del-dolar-en-el-mundo/16219496/1

The textile industry in Colombia has seen a lot of ups and downs over the last few decades, despite a reputation of superior quality and value. Presently, however, there are signs that the Colombian textile industry will see growth in the next few years. According to Carlos Eduardo Botero, president Inexmoda, expected to see growth of 7% in the national textile industry, up to a value of COP 17,1 billion, up from COP 16 billion in 2014 (El Tiempo). He surmises this growth is due to the buying power of the growing middle class in Colombia, along with other changes in industrial relations and regulations that should help boost the industry. Growth in the Colombian textile industry means that it will be able to access more technologically advanced, lower cost and local fabrics and clothing products. This will reduce the costs of production for the  Colombian Textile -Apparel industry , allowing for a greater return on the products that they sell. Additionally, worldwide trends have shown growth in clothing and sports apparel sector, especially from online sales. In 2014 in the U.S., clothing was by far the number one product sold online, with over 70% of U.S. adults making online clothing purchases during that year (MarketingCharts.com). This trend towards higher demand for clothing via online sales in the U.S. could translate to similar situations for other countries including Colombia, and is a positive signal for our business; the clothing sector remains a strong force, especially online. 

17. Demand Shifts for Different Categories of Goods/Services

El Tiempo. (2015). 'Tras Años Duros, el Sector Textil ve con Esperanza el 2015.' http://www.eltiempo.com/economia/sectores/proyeccion-del-sector-textil-de-colombia-para-2015/15162788, accessed on February 1, 2016. 

 

Marketing Charts. (2014). 'America's Most Popular Online and Mobile Purchases.' Marketingcharts.com. http://www.marketingcharts.com/online/americans-most-popular-online-and-mobile-purchases-44246/ accessed February 7, 2016.

Real GDP grew 4.6% in 2014. Unemployment fell to an average of around 9% during the year. In the second half of 2014, world oil prices suffered a drastic reduction of approximately 40% and the peso depreciated, especially in the fourth quarter. As inflation began to rise toward the midpoint of the target range (of 2-4%), and given that the output gap was slightly positive, the central bank raised the policy rate by 125 basis points , 4.5% between May and August. The fiscal balance of the central government did not record significant changes compared to 2013 and achieved the goal of structural balance, while the overall fiscal deficit increased slightly.

 

8. Federal Government Budget deficits 

SICILIA, J. (19 de Julio de 2014). El mundo. Obtenido de http://www.elmundo.es/economia/2014/07/19/53cab34d22601d581d8b4573.html 

 

economics, T. (2014). Trading economics. Retrieved from http://www.tradingeconomics.com/colombia/government-budget

The consolidated public sector deficit increased to 1.6% of GDP, placing public debt at around 39% of GDP. 

The current account deficit increased to 5.2% in 2014, but capital inflows were dynamic. The large inflows of foreign direct investment and portfolio flows more than offset the current account deficit, and gross international reserves amounted to about 47,000 million at year-end, a level that seems appropriate for precautionary purposes but may be insufficient to cope extreme risks. It is projected that the current account deficit will increase in 2015 due to lower oil prices, but will gradually decline in the medium term thanks to the slight recovery of oil prices and economic growth in Colombia's trading partners, in especially the United States. Furthermore, the marked depreciation of the peso should help curb imports and stimulate non-traditional exports. 

 

With regard to this information, we can see that Colombia has suffered major blows to its economy due to falling oil prices and the simultaneous rise of the dollar, however, it can be very productive for the textile industry falling oil since different petrochemicals which can obtain the necessary dyes for dyeing fabrics and many other materials that are needed for exclusive garments, currently they can be found much cheaper and thus improve the profitability of the industry. On the other hand, the rise of the dollar, generates significantly higher costs with regard to imported foreign fabrics and materials that are necessary to carry out import activity of each of the companies in the manufacturing and textile sector in Colombia.

13. Value of the dollar in world markets

The dollar is the currency of world reference since World War II. No other currency has made shadow since. Neither in the past 25 years, where they approached the yen and euro after the first. The dollar is the currency of world reference since World War II. No other currency has made shadow since. Neither in the past 25 years, where they approached the yen and euro after the first. 

 

The statistics say. The report on trade in the currency markets BIS 2013 shows how the dizzying figure of 5.3 trillion dollars are traded daily, the dollar was on one side of the exchange for 87% of the Sometimes more than 85% in 2010 and similar to the figure of the late 90s. 

 

We also say trade data. Most of the exchanges, including commodities, dollar is still called, and business operations continue to be funded in this currency. They say the central banks, which have around two thirds of its reserves in dollars and adapt their monetary policies at a pace that makes the Federal Reserve. Thus is in the size of financial markets in dollars, market capitalization and bonds. 

 

International Trade and Capital Flows 

Currency gyrations have the biggest impact on international trade, making imports cheaper and exports more expensive. Over time, a stronger US dollar will serve to widen the trade deficit, which will gradually exert downward pressure on the greenback and pull it lower. 

In terms of capital flows, a stronger dollar may have little impact on foreign direct investment (FDI) into the US, which has long been one of the world's top investment destinations. 

Overall: Positive for imports, negative for exports, neutral for capital flows. 

 

Financial Markets 

The effect of a stronger dollar on financial markets is also mixed. Perhaps the most direct impact of a rising greenback is its adverse impact on corporate earnings. This was a major reason why the S&P 500 had its biggest decline in a year in January 2015. 

 

As noted earlier, the prospect of investment returns being boosted by an appreciating currency also increases the allure of US Treasuries (and other fixed-income instruments) to overseas investors, as long as the risk of higher interest rates is not significant. 

Overall: Negative for emerging market debt.

 

Picardo, E. (28 de Enero de 2015). INVESTOPEDIA. Obtenido de http://www.investopedia.com/articles/forex/030215/how-strong-greenback-dollar-affects-economy.asp

 

Prasad, E. (2014, Marzo). Imf.org. Retrieved from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/spa/2014/03/pdf/prasad.pdf

A As we all know, the dollar is a currency that has international significance with a major impact on currency exchange in the vast majority of goods and services in the world, and this because of the momentum it has had in recent months been and this year, it becomes more difficult to negotiate different tissues and necessary to demand of the textile and fashion now technologies, making it convenient to take drastic and sustainable measures, the impression of a unique quality label on all products generated for each of the industries, and specifying that it is currently not 

possible to import and export operations because of the danger to represent the variability of a factor, as is the dollar, a good alternative is to seek national industry suppliers and customers demanding local products in their region to reveal the quality and innovation of material Colombia. This is also due to the devaluation of the peso against international currencies, largely because of the economic difficulties encountered by Colombia in recent years great value to the internal conflict that has lived for decades.

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The eleven twelfths of participation for Health of the General System of Units in the term 2013, amounted to $ 5,872,011 million, with regard to the certification of the Ministry of Finance and grows 6.7% compared to the previous period. 

 

In addition to the drinking water and basic sanitation in 2013 amounted to $1,411,897 million. Of this amount, $ 1,100,103 million correspond to the 30 municipalities and districts, and $ 194,135,000 benefit departmental administrations. To be distributed accordingly to as required by law. 

According to the certification of the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit, the eleven twelfths of Participation General Purpose force for 2013 is approximately $2,780,217 million, a 100% distribution of these resources is based on defined criteria the rules in force at the time. 

18. Income differences by region and consumer groups

Social, C. N. (2013, Febrero 14). DANE.gov.co. Retrieved from http://www.dane.gov.co/files/geoestadistica/ConpesSocial160_14-02-2013.pdf

 

Rodrigo Guesalaga, Pablo Marshall, (2008) "Purchasing power at the bottom of the pyramid: differences across geographic regions and income tiers", Journal of Consumer Marketing, Vol. 25 Iss: 7, pp.413 - 418

Finally, eleven twelfths that are distributed in this Conpes amount to $ 19,973,000. This component 111 municipalities reported by the Codazzi -IGAC- with bank over the River Magdalena involved. 

As seen above, the investments of Colombia do not focus on the textile industry for many years, and this is a factor that directly affects the economy, and there is no government investment to support the search for neutral work also improve the economy. Moreover, since the textile industry manufactures exclusive products in some cases may be quite difficult for people of lower strata could have access to these products, so that at certain times of year, and in accordance with policies established as when those who are economically passing data countries should carry out various promotions to go to the public from all strata of Colombian society. Finally, it has to be the worst affected areas of the country with regard to income received by the government, are all those in which there is very little development in all aspects of the Colombian economy.

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5. interest rates

By increasing or decreasing interest rates brings advantages and disadvantages for our company , because when the interest rate is low is more possible for clients to access by credit buying products our company, in the same way we access a loan where we can invest in the company to expand stimulating economic rise. And when the interest rate is high is hard to find some kind of expansion because will be more costly.

 

According to the banco de la republica the annual bank interest for consumer credit and ordinary stay at 19.68 % since the first of January 2016 , which represents an increase of 0.35 % compared to the interest with which the I ended May 2015 was 19.33% .

 

As consumers with savings banks earn more interest and so the company can invest in our purchase of our products . The following are the new most used interest rates.

El Universal Cartagena, (2015). Tasa de usura quedó en 29,52 para el primer trimestre de 2016. [online] Available at: http://www.eluniversal.com.co/economica/tasa-de-usura-quedo-en-2952-para-el-primer-trimestre-de-2016-215119 [Accessed 7 Feb. 2016].

 

Gerencie.com, (2014). Efectos en la economía por la variación de la tasa de interés | Gerencie.com. [online] Available at: http://www.gerencie.com/efectos-en-le-economia-por-la-variacion-de-la-tasa-de-interes.html [Accessed 7 Feb. 2016].

 

Banco de la República.(2016) Tasas de interés 2016. web site: http://www.banrep.gov.co/es/tasas-interes

Finally there is visible the inflation and oil prices fluctuations in the new interest rates given by el Banco de la República. Every interest rate is increasing to protect the colombian economy flow.

19. Price Fluctuations

Bogotá, Riohacha, Valledupar, Bucaramanga, Sincelejo, Cúcuta, Villavicencio, Quibdó, Montería and San Andrés are cities with the lowest variability in clothes prices, and also in some of them the price is getting lower. In conclution the fluctuation in clothes prices is low in Colombia and likely to be mínimum in some cities. The industry price trend is to be slowly rising so it is in some ways predictable and easy to adapt, aslo the rising in prices shows that there is a certain quantity of clothes that go on sale every day, but that quantity is not too big to damage the demand of that good.

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DANE. (2015). Precios. 3/feb/2015, de Banco de la República Sitio web: http://www.banrep.gov.co/es/precios

 

Banco de la República. (2016). Precios. Metodología año base 2005. 3/feb/2015, de Banco de la República Sitio web: http://www.banrep.gov.co/es/precios

16.Import/export factors

The appareal sector in Colombia has a important performance exporting and importing, in the period 2010 - 2014 imports increased at a rate of 15%, moreover Colombia was the third country with most growth in 2015 in apparel industry. In colombiatex 2015 with a participation of 584 buyers from 27 countrys, it showed a new advances mainly in fabrics for sportwear, its is good for industry due to if the best sportwear cloths are produced in Colombia, they don`t have the necesity of import which is less expensive and contribute to national economy. As exports the appareal sector have a good participation in specially  fabrics, although Perù sometimes is better, forein countries also prefer import from Colombia because “Colombia has a less delivery time and minimum orders are lower” say  Michael Luscher USA buyer of colombiatex 2015, furthermore the rising dollar benefits industry in export cuestions, however is no the same in import cuestions due to the rew materials price is more expensive.

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colombia, i. e. (2015). invierta en colombia.com. Obtenido de http://inviertaencolombia.com.co/sectores/manufacturas/textil-y-confeccion.html

 

Colombiatex . : Datos de utilidad sobre el sector textil confección de Colombia : . (n.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2016, from https://www.inexmoda.org.co/Laferia/Datosdeutilidad/tabid/180/language/en-US/Default.aspx

Finally as noticed, Despite Colombian Apparel Industry has been growing during the 4 last years, it is a fact that the industry imports so much more than what it is exporting. 

20. Export of labor and capital from Colombia

Imports of goods and services has been rising one over the years With Different treaties and agreements that Colombia has made with other countries . Such as the TLC increasing trade and investment flows and , through them , their level of economic and social development . For the Colombian Apparel Industry it is very important the export of labor or capital and to expand our market internationally so exchanging benefits with their customers in other countries. Next on the chart analyzed by DANE show total exports from 1994-2015 having conclution that the United States has exported as much a comparison of other countries , with this table the industry can see in which country should and should not start to exported. Please click for vew

 

According MTCES studies showed that in the third quarter

of 2015 exports of service were highly positive variation

during the year were : manufacture of physical inputs with

39.9 % and personal , cultural and recreational services

25.8 %. 

In contrast the services had decreased were: services 
maintenance and repair -73.7 % and charges for the use 
intellectual property -28.8 %.

Banrep.gov.co,. (2016). ¿Cómo afecta la política monetaria a la economía? | Banco de la República (banco central de Colombia). Retrieved 7 February 2016, from http://www.banrep.gov.co/es/como-afecta-la-politica-monetaria-economia

 

Dane.gov.co,. (2015). Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadística (DANE). Retrieved 7 February 2016, from http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/comercio-exterior/exportaciones

Colombian Textile -Apparel industry 

Economically, the apparel industry is a key segment for investments, revenue, trade, and employment worldwide. 

"Stop wishing, start doing"

Key Economic Variables to be Monitored

26. Coalitions of lesser Developed Cuntries (LDC) Policies

a.   CAN, general aspects

-Promote the balanced and harmonious development of Member Countries under equitable conditions through integration and economic and social cooperation.

-Accelerate growth and employment generation work for the people of the member countries.

-Facilitate the participation of member countries in the process of regional integration , with a view to the gradual formation of a Latin American common market

 

b.    CARICOM, general aspects

-Gradual Reduction and Elimination of Barriers to Trade and Investment in the Greater Caribbean

-Promote and facilitate discussion on Special and Differential Treatment for Small Economies in the Greater Caribbean

-Promote and encourage trade relations in the Greater Caribbean

-Promote and encourage international trade negotiations and trade issues Training

-MYPYMES, workrshop to help developing and strengthen new companies

- The Transport of the Association of Caribbean States is responsible for facilitating cooperation between Members on the issues of transport and connectivity in the Caribbean. The Directorate is guided by its work program whose emphasis is on " Uniting the Caribbean by Air and Sea”

 

c.     ALADI, general aspects

-       Trade facilitation is understood as the rationalization , simplification, reduction or elimination of all measures or barriers that unjustifiably impede international trade.

-       In that sense, the ALADI develops the provision of an efficient transport service; developing logistics; which allow the quick and efficient movement of factors of production within the geographic space

-       In that sense, he actively participated in the development of tools such as the Agreement on International Land Transport of the Southern Cone ( ATIT ) which includes road and rail transport ; and River Transport Agreement for the Paraguay - Parana Waterway ( Puerto de Cáceres - Port of Nueva Palmira ), among others

 

d.    CEPAL, general aspects

-       The mission of ECLAC in the area of Productive Development and Management is to generate policy proposals on the dynamics of production systems and innovation at the micro and sectoral levels.

-       ECLAC on international and integration aspects policy proposals aimed at strengthening the participation of Latin America and the Caribbean in global trade and regional integration , particularly in its economic aspects.

 

In conclution there are plenty of facilities between lesser developed countries that promote the flow of products, human resources, information, technologies and intelectual property. It is favorable for the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry because there are raw materials that can be find in other latin american countries, also the help from the workshops like MYPYME allows new companies to get consulting and begin to export.

CEPAL. (2015). Comercio internacional e integración. 3/feb/2015, de CEPAL Sitio web: http://www.cepal.org/es/areas-de-trabajo/comercio-internacional

 

ALADI. (2012). ACUERDO REGIONAL DE APERTURA DE MERCADOS. 3/feb/2015, de ALADI Sitio web: http://www.aladi.org/sitioALADI/acuerdos.html

 

ACS. (2013). Desarrollo del Comercio y las Relaciones Económicas Externas. 3/feb/2015, de ACS Sitio web: http://www.acs-aec.org/index.php?q=es/comercio

 

CAN. (2014). Somos Comunidad Andina. 3/feb/2015, de CAN Sitio web: http://www.comunidadandina.org/Seccion.aspx?id=189&tipo=QU&title=somos-comunidad-andina

 

EEAS. (1998). CUERDO MARCO DE COOPERACION ENTRE LA COMUNIDAD ECONOMICA EUROPEA Y EL ACUERDO DE CARTAGENA. 3/feb/2015, de EEAS Sitio web: http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/colombia/documents/eu_colombia/acuerdo_marco_cooperacion_es.pdf

 
25. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) policies

The decrease in oil brings many inconveniences and the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry should be worried, as Rafael Barrera, president of the Caribean Federation of Oil Derivates Distributors: “How favorable that lower oil prices really only applies to consumer inustries , and they will have a cheaper fuel, and especially the most developed and industrialized countries, which are mainly oil importers , since they will have improved economic indicators”, (Fendipetróleo)." Since all produced goods are suffering a decrease in value, and for the Apparel industry materials such as is the synthetic fibers ( Microtec , Runner, A Lycra Saviola and many others) ;made of petrochemics and derivates from petroleum), the paints used to dye clothes which are made with petrochemics, the machinery used for the manufacture of products which needs fuel to function such as industrial printers, and finally transportation that decreases its prices as a response to fuel prices fluctuations. brings likewise increase the consumption of those petrochemic raw materials and, reducing production costs to the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry and maybe increasing their productivity and incomes. So in conclution the decrease of oil is harmful for the Colombian economy by expoting crudo, but for those industries that buys petroleum derivate is good and will prefer the prices to continue decreasing.

Banco de la República has noted that government spending shocks have resulted in positive and significant influence on economic output, private consumption, employment, prices and short term interest rates in Colombia. This type of policy seeks to shoot money into the economy, creating more liquid assets and more spending, further boosting the economy. Results from this policy have shown a cumulative output multiplier which fluctuates between 1.12 and 1.19 between the 1st and 3rd years following the spending shock. According to the IMF, Colombia's fiscal policy is stable and is guided by a fiscal rule, meaning they have been able to stimulate the economy while maintaining financial stability (IMF).  These types of policies are also good for the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry, because when consumers have possession of more money, they are more able to spend on lifestyle their products, rather than simply on their daily basic necessities.

22. Fiscal Policies

IMF. (2014). 'Colombia: 2014 Article IV Consultation - Staff Report; Press Release; and Statement by the Executive Director For Colombia.' International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2014/cr14141.pdf accessed on February 7, 2016.  

 

Lozano, L., Rodríguez, K. (2009). 'Assessing the Macroecomic Effects of Fiscal Policy in Colombia. Banco de La República (Colombia). http://www.banrep.gov.co/en/borrador-552, accessed on February 1, 2016. 

23. Taxes rates

Below are listed and specify each of the major taxes that exist in Colombia: 

Income and windfall: The income tax has national coverage and is levied on profits from ordinary business operations. The windfall tax is complementary to income tax and is levied on profits from activities not covered by ordinary operations. Tax: 25% windfall: 10%. 

 

Income Tax on Equity (CREE): is a national tax and is a contribution of legal persons for the benefit of workers, job creation, and social investment. It is applied on income are likely to increase the assets of the companies. 9% 

 

Value Added Tax (IVA): A national indirect tax on the provision of services and sale and import of bienes.0% 5% or 16% rates depend on the good or service. 

 

Consumption tax: indirect tax on vehicle sectors, telecommunications, food and beverages. 4% 8% 16% 

Tax on Financial Transactions: Tax applied to each transaction intended to withdraw funds from current accounts, savings and cashier checks. 0.4% per transaction. 

 

Industry and Trade Tax: Tax applied to industrial, commercial and service activities within the jurisdiction of a municipality or district for a taxpayer with or without commercial establishment, it is charged and managed by municipalities or districts concerned. Between 0.2% and 1.4% of company revenues. 

Property Tax: Tax on an annual basis the right to own, use or possession of immovable property located in Colombia, which is collected and managed by municipalities or districts where the property is located. From 0.3% to 3.3%. 

 

National stamp tax: is the tax generated in the logging of all contracts and public instrument including securities that are executed or accepted in the country signed between individuals with the state or private whose act is greater than 53,000,000pesos and liquidated a flat rate of 1.5% 

 

Withholding: Before making a payment for services rendered, fees, purchases, leases, etc. should be assessed if the client is auto retainer income (validated in the Rut or invoice), otherwise you must apply or discount a value concept withholding tax, which is paid the following month accumulating all concepts. 

 

Rates of Withholding: Rental of buildings and shopping: 

A persons income tax filers (usually are companies) 2.5% of the value before VAT, 3.5% non-filers. For amounts over $ 742,000 

Fees for respondent 11% and not 10% respondents have no minimum. 

General reporting services to 4% to 6% reporting no minimum amount $ 110,000. 

Hotels, restaurants and Ranch for reporting 2.5% and non-respondents (individuals) 3.5% minimum amount $ 110,000. 

 

In line with the taxes that exist in Colombia, it is worth mentioning that many of the markets and foreign investors have wanted to compete in the market for textiles due to large installations that present our economic system on taxation, however, is worth mentioning in recent years in Colombia that have implemented policies that harm free trade within the different products and services and therefore is more difficult to compete with larger companies that have all kinds of immense capital to keep its economy afloat. Despite this, it is believed that due to being an attractive country for large investors, could eventually support the fashion industry to establish itself as a thriving industry or a single growing investor interest in the products and services to provide capital to grow and become a highly respected company in the country and maybe someday in the world.

PROCOLOMBIA. (2015, Enero 1). PROCOLOMBIA. Retrieved from http://www.inviertaencolombia.com.co/como-invertir/impuestos.html 

 

Portafolio. (2016, Enero 5). Portafolio.com. Retrieved from http://www.portafolio.co/especiales/reforma-tributaria-2016/impuestos-colombia-2016-0

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In the agreements made between the EEC and Colombia there are some important economic aspects that affect the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry:

a) strengthen and diversify generally their economic links

c ) promote the expansion of trade with a view to promoting diversification and the opening of new markets

d ) encourage the flow of investment and transfer of technology and reinforce investment protection

e ) establish conditions to raise the level of employment and improve productivity in the work sector

 

promoting meetings, exchanges and contacts between entrepreneurs of both sides, for identifying goods suitable for sale on the market of the other Party. support their own organizations and firms to conduct mutually beneficial operations.

 

acording to the most recently agreement

Projects between CAN and the EU:

24. European Economic Comunity (EEC)

EEAS. (1998). CUERDO MARCO DE COOPERACION ENTRE LA COMUNIDAD ECONOMICA EUROPEA Y EL ACUERDO DE CARTAGENA. 3/feb/2015, de EEAS Sitio web: http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/colombia/documents/eu_colombia/acuerdo_marco_cooperacion_es.pdf

 

Delegación de la Unión Europea en Colombia. (2000). Acuerdos. 3, de Colombia y la UE Sitio web: http://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/colombia/eu_colombia/political_relations/agreements/index_es.htm

 

http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/colombia/documents/page_content/colombia_unio_n_europea_acuerdo_comercial_jul_11_heavy_es.pdf

In sumary it is agreed that there will exist inclution mechanisms, help in development and trading and fecilities in the flow of products, human resources, information, technologies and intelectual property, between the EEC and Colombia, making the EEC an ally to the Colombian Textile -Apparel industry in the development of international strategies and begin to import raw materials and export finished goods.

Pdvsa.com,. (2016). Sitio Web PDVSA. Retrieved 7 February 2016, from http://www.pdvsa.com/PESP/Pages_pesp/aspectostecnicos/refinacion/productos_petro.html 

 

S.A., E. (2015). 

Los desafíos que enfrentará Colombia por la caída del petróleo. Elpais.com.co. Retrieved 7 February 2016, from http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/economia/noticias/desafios-enfrentara-colombia-por-caida-petroleo

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